Stepper online in PakistanIn a step towards adopting environment friendly fuel and to save foreign exchange, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) was introduced by the Government of Pakistan in the country in 1992. Due to available price differential between CNG and gasoline/diesel and investor friendly policy and regulatory framework, CNG sector has shown tremendous growth over the last ten year in the country. This growing demand of natural gas by CNG sector, results in gas shortages in the country. This paper describes the key steps in the development of CNG as transportation fuel in Pakistan. The present scenario of the CNG industry including the natural gas vehicles (NGVs) population growth and the expansion of CNG refilling stations are discussed. Various aspects of the CNG program in Pakistan, for example environmental benefits, economic benefits and problems associated with CNG industry of Pakistan are illustrated.
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CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
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. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.
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Decline in the transport emission due to CNG program.
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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand Stepper online in Pakistanher uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling orlicensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third partywebsites are prohibited.In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of thearticle (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website orinstitutional repository. Authors requiring further informationregarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit:http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights
Author's personal copyDevelopment of natural gas as a vehicular fuel in Pakistan: Issues andprospectsMuhammad Imran Khana,*, Tabassum Yasminb,1aMari Petroleum Company Ltd., G10/4, 3rd Road, Islamabad 44000, PakistanbMechanical Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistanarticle infoArticle history:Received 28 June 2013Received in revised form15 January 2014Accepted 16 January 2014Available online 5 February 2014Keywords:CNGEmissionsVehicleFuelPakistanNatural gasabstractIn a step towards adopting environment friendly fuel and to save foreign exchange, Compressed NaturalGas (CNG) was introduced by the Government of Pakistan in the country in 1992. Due to available pricedifferential between CNG and gasoline/diesel and investor friendly policy and regulatory framework,CNG sector has shown tremendous growth over the last ten year in the country. This growing demand ofnatural gas by CNG sector, results in gas shortages in the country. This paper describes the key steps inthe development of CNG as transportation fuel in Pakistan. The present scenario of the CNG industryincluding the natural gas vehicles (NGVs) population growth and the expansion of CNG refilling stationsare discussed. Various aspects of the CNG program in Pakistan, for example environmental benefits,economic benefits and problems associated with CNG industry of Pakistan are illustrated.Ó2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionThe word is turning to replace gasoline and petroleum basedenergy, which is showing a rising trend in price. Around the world awidespread research is carried out to investigate that CNG is goodfor the customer and kind to the environment, while making thecountry into more fuel sovereign state. A growing number ofcountries around the world are jumping on the moving train tomake use of CNG, because of various advantages. The entire creditfor this goes to New Zealand, which in 1980s launched CNG pro-grams on a commercial scale successfully. It seen that CNG is theanswer to the world, in the hunt for alternative transportation fuel.Today CNG programs are being pursued in more than 86 countriesand Pakistan stands 2nd in the world tally in terms of NGVs (1stIran) & fillings stations (1st China) (Statistics and Europe, 2013).2. Background CNG program in PakistanThe foundation-stone of CNG program in Pakistan was laiddown by HDIP (Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan)through the establishment of CNG refilling stations at Karachi in1982. In 1992, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources ofPakistan, announced the CNG Rules of 1992, which commercial-ized CNG as a transportation fuel in the country. The programreally picked up in 1998 when the government declared a twoyear goal of establishing 150 CNG stations and conversion of100,000 vehicles.Keeping in view the lack of domestic fuels, a large space alwaysexisted in the country for the development of alternative trans-portation fuels, particularly natural gas, which is locally available ata low cost, while a widespread infrastructure for transmission anddistribution of natural gas is already in position.3. Statistics of Pakistan’s CNG industryDue to Government’s consumer friendly policy, ample regu-latory framework and extensive efforts, CNG industry hasdeveloped significantly at an unprecedented rate of around 52.5%per annum during the last few years. Currently the country has6.167 million total number of register vehicles (Pakistan National,2010), out of which there are 3,100,167 (89%) vehicle has beenrunning on CNG while the rest, which includes buses, trucks, andtwo wheelers, three wheelers etc, are using gasoline and diesel.Table 1 depicts the statistical highlight of natural gas vehicles eNGVs in Pakistan.*Corresponding author. Tel.: þ92 3469261649.E-mail addresses: imran.khan@mpcl.com.pk (M.I. Khan), tabassum@nwfpuet.edu.pk (T. Yasmin).1Tel.: þ92 3459218769.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Natural Gas Science and Engineeringjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jngse1875-5100/$ esee front matter Ó2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngseStepper in Pakistan. 10
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Author's personal copy4. Prevailing status of CNG in PakistanBecause of higher priority and the insatiable demand for naturalgas by power plants and industry, the government has to rationnatural gas for CNG sector. It often announces “gas holidays”wheregas supply to CNG stations is cut off for several days a week,conducing to widespread dissatisfaction among CNG consumers.Owing to these gas shortage problems, the government is not infavor of further expansion of CNG sector in the country. The officialsare struggling with the difficult task of trying to turn back thestrategy and to ablactate vehicles back onto gasoline to divert thenatural gas to industry and power plants. Recently the government,without consulting the stake holders, imposed ban on import ofCNG Kits and CNG Cylinders and has restricted the OEM companiesi.e. Pak Suzuki Motor Company, Indus Motors Company (Toyota)and also after-market installers to stop conversion of vehicles toCNG.To rationalize the gas consumption, a load plan in October 2010has been implemented. Under the plan, gas feeding to the CNGstations was curtailed to five days a week in certain regions of thecountry. The main reason behind failure of gas energy plans andpolicies in Pakistan is political disability, as a result of which pol-icies of previous governments have been destabilized by precedinggovernments.5. Stepper online in PakistanGrowth of CNG in the countryThe CNG industry in Pakistan has witnessed a tremendousgrowth in Stepper online in Pakistanthe last decade, by virtue of friendly government policiesand the key role played by CNG station/vehicle owners. At present,it is stands 1st in the world. Figs. 1 and 2reflect the continuousincrease in Stepper online in Pakistanthe number CNG stations and CNG vehicles respectively.A significant increase has also been seen in the consumption ofnatural gas by CNG sector as shown Fig. 3. Over the past ten Stepper online in Pakistanyears(2001e2010) there is more than 11, 000 percent raise in gasconsumption by this sector. Currently CNG industry consumes 325MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day) natural gas (9% ofcountry gas production) (Pakistan Energy, 2013).6. Government policy & supportPakistan has sought ways to raise awareness, investment,technology and institutional framework, while pursuing fast trackdevelopment of the CNG industry. Government’s interest to boostnational economy by reducing oil import bill and improving theenvironment has led to the provision of incentives for investors inCNG sector. Some of them are highlighted below:Exemption from import duty and GST for CNG station andvehicle conversion equipment for a period of five yearsPermit import of used and reconditioned CNG compressor.Loans on soft terms to setup a CNG stationStrong commitment by the government to promote the use ofCNGLiberal procedures for issuance of license for setup a CNGstations.Deregulated market price for CNG consumersNatural gas tariff for CNG coupled to gasolineGas connection priority to CNG stations7. Natural gas scenario in PakistanPakistan is an energy deficit country. The country primary en-ergy supply during the financial year 2011e12 was recorded as 64.7MTOE (million tons of oil equivalent) (Pakistan Energy, 2013) and itis majorly depends upon imported petroleum products, as a resultof which the country’s annual oil import crossed the limit ofTable: 1Statistics of Pakistan’s CNG industry (Statistics and Europe, 2013).Total NGV population (other than ships, trains and aircraft) CNG stations DateTotal NGVs LD þMD þHD Vehicles LD Vehicles MD þHD Buses Other % of total vehiclesin the country% of total NGVsworldwideTotal % of total CNG stationsworldwide3,100,167 2,920,167 2,919,500 667 180,000 89.14% 19.12% 3330 15.84% March, 2012Fig. 1. CNG vehicle growth in Pakistan. Fig. 2. Growth of CNG filling Station in Pakistan.M.I. Khan, T. Yasmin / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 17 (2014) 99e109100
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